By Lim Swee Chen
Counsellor

DSM-5 Criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

According to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following criteria:

• Grandiose sense of self-importance: Exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements.

• Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love.

• Belief that they are “special” and unique: Can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions).

• Need for excessive admiration.

• Sense of entitlement: Unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with their expectations.

• Interpersonally exploitative behavior: Takes advantage of others to achieve their own ends.

• Lack of empathy: Unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others.

• Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them.

• Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.

Misconceptions About Narcissism

It's crucial to differentiate between genuine narcissistic behaviors and traits that might be perceived as narcissistic but are relatively normal or context-dependent. Pop psychology often oversimplifies or mislabels these behaviors, leading to misunderstandings.

Confidence vs. Narcissism: Having self-confidence or being assertive does not make someone a narcissist. Narcissism involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a need for excessive admiration, whereas confidence is a healthy self-belief without the need to belittle others.

Ambition vs. Narcissism: Ambition and the pursuit of success are not inherently narcissistic traits. While narcissists may have grandiose fantasies about success, many people are driven and goal-oriented without exploiting others or lacking empathy.

Attention-Seeking vs. Narcissism: Enjoying social interactions and occasionally seeking attention does not equate to narcissism. Narcissistic attention-seeking is excessive and stems from a need for validation and admiration to support a fragile ego.

Self-Care vs. Narcissism: Prioritizing self-care and setting boundaries is a healthy practice and should not be confused with narcissism. Narcissists lack empathy and exploit others, whereas self-care involves maintaining one’s own well-being without disregarding others' needs.

Signs You Might Be Dating a Narcissist

Love Bombing: Narcissists often start relationships with an overwhelming display of affection and admiration, known as love bombing. They might shower you with compliments, gifts, and declarations of love very early in the relationship. This intense attention can feel exhilarating but is usually a tactic to quickly establish control and dependence.

Grandiose Sense of Self-Importance: Narcissists have an inflated sense of self-importance and often exaggerate their achievements and talents. They expect to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements. In conversations, they tend to dominate and redirect the focus back to themselves, showing little interest in others.

Need for Excessive Admiration: Narcissists require constant validation and admiration to bolster their fragile self-esteem. They often fish for compliments and may react negatively if they feel they are not receiving enough attention. Their self-worth is heavily dependent on external validation, leading them to seek out admiration constantly.

Lack of Empathy: A hallmark trait of narcissism is a lack of empathy. Narcissists struggle to recognize or care about the feelings and needs of others. They may appear indifferent when you share your feelings or experiences and are often unable to offer genuine support or understanding.

Exploitation of Others: Narcissists view others as tools to be used for their own gain. They are interpersonally exploitative, meaning they manipulate and take advantage of people to achieve their own ends. This exploitation can be emotional, financial, or even physical.

Sense of Entitlement: Narcissists believe they deserve special treatment and that rules do not apply to them. They may have unreasonable expectations of favorable treatment and can become enraged when these expectations are not met. This sense of entitlement often leads to frequent conflicts and frustration in relationships.

Envy and Belief Others Are Envious: Narcissists often envy others and believe others are envious of them. They may undermine or belittle others to feel superior. This can manifest as jealousy and possessiveness, particularly in romantic relationships, where they might constantly accuse you of infidelity or disloyalty without cause.

Arrogant and Haughty Behaviors: Narcissists display arrogance and haughty behaviors, often looking down on others as inferior. They may belittle or demean those around them, including their partners, to maintain a sense of superiority.

Gaslighting: Narcissists often use gaslighting as a manipulative tactic to distort your perception of reality and make you doubt your own sanity. They may deny events, make you question your memory, or even blame you for things that aren't your fault. Gaslighting undermines your confidence and can lead to self-doubt and confusion in the relationship. [You can read more about gaslighting here]

Conclusion

Recognizing the signs of narcissistic behavior is the first step towards protecting yourself in a relationship with a narcissist. These individuals can be charming and persuasive, making it easy to overlook their toxic traits initially. However, by staying vigilant and prioritizing your own well-being, you can navigate these relationships more effectively and make informed decisions about your future. Remember, you deserve a relationship built on mutual respect, empathy, and genuine care.

Getting Counselling Support

This article is not intended to help you diagnose your dates but rather to raise awareness about recognizing signs of unhealthy behavior in relationships. If you need support in navigating the dating world or suspect you might be dealing with a narcissist, consider seeking support from a counsellor or psychologist at The Counselling Place Singapore. Your journey to emotional well-being is their priority, and they are there to support you every step of the way. Book a session with me today.